Math Reveals How Many Shuffles Randomizes A Deck


GPT-4: Mathematical simulations reveal that seven riffle shuffles are required to randomize a 52-card deck, while “smooshing” cards on a table takes 30 to 60 seconds. Overhand shuffling is the least effective method, needing 10,000-11,000 iterations. Dealing methods also impact randomness, with back-and-forth dealing providing better results than cyclic dealing. A deck is either randomized or not, and there is no such thing as “more” random, making additional shuffles unnecessary once a deck is randomized.
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